If you have questions about this course you can email us at gradteachingadvice@stanford.edu.
如果您对本课程有任何疑问，可以发送电子邮件至 gradteachingadvice@stanford.edu 。
Teaching Practices to Foster Inclusion: Community Norms
促进包容性的教学实践：社区规范
Define classroom norms
Dynamics around gender, race, language, and so on can be subtle and may not be readily apparent at first. Different situations can also contribute to miscommunication or friction among a group of students.
性别、种族、语言等方面的差异可能很微妙，起初并不容易察觉。不同的情况也可能导致学生群体之间的沟通不畅或摩擦。
Classroom norms—often referred to as “commitments”—refer to a set of agreements for how class members will interact in given situations. Classroom norms are usually created collectively early on and members agree to follow them. They articulate and record the values and behavioral expectations of their class community. For example, a class may set norms about how to communicate feedback to one another, or perhaps about how to access office hours.
课堂规范——通常被称为“承诺”——指的是班级成员在特定情况下如何互动的一系列约定。课堂规范通常在早期由全班共同制定，成员们同意遵守。它们阐明并记录了班级共同体的价值观和行为期望。 例如，班级可能会制定关于如何互相反馈，或者如何预约答疑时间的规范。
Establishing clear norms in a transparent and collective way is an important step toward creating a respectful, supportive, and productive class learning environment. The benefits of establishing norms at the beginning of a course allow you the instructor to learn your students needs for learning at their best, as well as provide a foundation for how you will go about creating community. In the case of a student breaking a norm, you can return to your list and ask students to adjust, add, or take away norms that are not helpful. You can also agree as a community what might be done in the case of breaking a norm.
以透明且集体的方式建立清晰的课堂规范，是营造尊重、支持和高效学习环境的重要一步。在课程伊始就建立规范，有助于教师了解学生的最佳学习需求，并为构建课堂社群奠定基础。如果学生违反规范，教师可以回顾规范列表，要求学生调整、添加或删除不适用的规范。此外，教师还可以与学生共同商定，在学生违反规范的情况下应该采取哪些措施。
Describe why classroom norms support inclusive learning environments
Asking your students to formulate class norms has many benefits. Collectively these benefits can help create a more inclusive class culture and improve learning. Across disciplines, different norms for different courses will be developed- norms about how to interact with course material will vary. Norms are important in any discipline because students always come with a variety of learning abilities and skills.
让学生制定课堂规范有很多好处。这些好处加起来有助于营造更具包容性的课堂文化，并提升学习效果。不同学科的课程会形成不同的规范——例如，如何与课程材料互动等规范也会有所不同。规范在任何学科中都至关重要，因为学生的学习能力和技能各不相同。
Norms could have promoted more fair and respectful behavior within the small groups through transparent expectations such as avoiding interruptions and giving everyone an equal chance to speak. There also may have been an increased sense of community and gravity that would promote respectful behavior, as well as accountability measures in place when and if classroom norms were not upheld. Classroom norms can confer the benefits in the image above.
如果课堂规范能够通过明确的预期（例如避免打断他人发言、确保每个人都有平等的发言机会）来促进小组内更加公平和尊重的行为，那么课堂规范的建立也能增强小组的凝聚力和责任感，从而促进尊重他人的行为。此外，如果课堂规范遭到违反，相应的问责机制也能起到作用。
Identify the steps in establishing and sustaining classroom norms
Begin developing a plan for establishing norms with your students
Collecting Student Feedback for Inclusion and Equity
收集学生反馈以促进包容性和公平性
Facilitating Discussion in the Humanities and Social Sciences
促进人文和社会科学领域的讨论
Writing to Engage Students
写作以吸引学生
Office Hours and Review Sessions
办公时间和复习课
Grading Problem Sets, Labs, and Exams
作业、实验和考试的评分
Designing Classrooms for Neurodiversity
为神经多样性设计教室
Promoting Mental Health and Well-being in Learning Spaces
在学习空间中促进心理健康和福祉
Leading Sections in Science and Engineering
科学与工程领域的领先部门
Current Events and TA-ing in Today’s Context
时事与当今背景下的助教工作
Major Policies and Practices Every TA Should Know
每位助教都应该了解的主要政策和实践